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中考语法点之定语从句
概念
在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
定语从句相关术语:
1. 限制性定语从句
用来修饰和限定先行词,与先行词间的关系非常密切,如果去掉,则意思含混不清。
2. 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用,缺少它不会影响全句的理解,译为汉语时常常不译做定语,而根据句意翻译为相应的其它形式的从句。它与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句的关系那样紧密。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。
3. 先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词,代词称为先行词。先行词总是出现在定语从句之前。
4. 关系词
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;
关系副词有where, when, why等。
5. 关系词常有3个作用:
a引导定语从句
b代替先行词
C在定语从句中担当一个成分。
限制性定语从句
功能 作用 |
用于限制性从句或非限制性从句 |
只用于限制性从句 |
|
代替人 |
代替物 |
代替人或物 |
|
主语 |
who |
which |
that |
宾语 |
whom |
which |
that |
定语 |
whose(=of whom) |
whose(=of which) |
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人在从句中做主语
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(注:who和whom已无太大区别,可以通用。)
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词也可以引导的定语从句,并在从句中分别表示时间,地点或原因等
关系副词的作用相当于“介词+which结构”(其用法分类列表如下)
关系副词 |
被替代的先行词 |
在从句中的作用 |
when(=at, in, on, during which) |
表示时间的名词 |
时间状语 |
where(=in, at which) |
表示地点的名词 |
地点状语 |
why(=for which) |
只有reason |
原因状语 |
1. when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
重难点
限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much,each等修饰时
Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?
There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
All that can be done has been done.
There is little that I can do for you.
注意1:部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
Any man that/ who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词更高级修饰时
This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only,the same, the last 修饰时
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting?
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
Who is the man that is standing there?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
例题演练
例题1:
2016年西湖区一模试题:
There's still some work to do﹣you know,something(53) has to be changed at the last minute.
答案解析:that.考查定语从句及关系代词。句意为:还需要做些工作,也就是在较后时刻需要调整、修改的工作。分析句子成分可知,空格后面为something的后置定语,即定语从句,需要填一个引导词(关系代词)。因为定语从句中缺少主语,且该主语为事物且为不定代词something,故用关系代词that引导定语从句,故填that。
例题2:
2016年江干区一模试题:
It is a school 52 ________ supports the protection of the environment.
答案解析:that/ which. 考查定语从句及关系代词。句意为:这是一个支持环境保护的学校。分析句子成分可知,后面为定语从句,其中先行词为school,并且在从句中作主语,故用关系代词that或者which引导皆可。
例题3:
2016年十三中二模试题:
I like books__54__are classic.
答案解析:that/ which. 考查定语从句及关系代词。句意为:我喜欢这些经典的书。分析句子成分可知,后面为定语从句,其中先行词为books,并且在从句中作主语,故用关系代词that或者which引导皆可。
试题训练
2017年上城区中考一模完形填空:
Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone. So do I. My son Jody has _____36___ school since day one in kindergarten. Science projects waited until the last moment. Book reports weren’t written until deadline.
I’ve been a ___37___all my adult life. My daughter is a university student 38 is talented in learning language. Jody? When he entered the tenth grade he became a “vo-tech” student(技校孩子). They called “motorhead” by the rest of the students.
I was 39 when an assistant in my office first called him “motorhead”. “Hey, he’s a good kid,” I wanted to say. “And smart, really.”
I learn later that motorheads are, indeed, ___40 They usually have dirty hands and wear dirty work clothes. And they don’t often make school honor rolls(光荣榜).
But being the ___41___of a motorhead is itself an experience in education. We who work in clean shirts in offices don’t have the ____42___that motorheads have. I began to learn this when one day my car __43__ The cost to repair it was about $800. “Hey, I can fix it,” said Jody. I doubted it, but let him 44 .To be honest, I think had nothing to 45 .
My son, with other motorheads, fixed the car. They got 46 from a junkyard (停车场),and ability from vo-tech classes. The cost was $25 instead of $800.
Since that 47 repair job, a broken air-conditioner, a non-functioning washer and a refrigerator have been fixed. Neighbors and co-workers trust their car repair to him.
These kids are happiest when doing 48 . They joke and laugh and are living in their own relaxed world. And their minds are bright 49 their hands and clothes are dirty.
I have learned a lot from my motorhead: publish need printers, engineers need mechanics. My son may never make the school honor roll. But he made 50 .I don't want him to be my clone anymore!
36. A. loved B. hated
C. surprised D. changed
37. A. newspaperman B. cleaner
C. waiter D. cook
38. A. which B. who
C. whom D. where
39. A. bored B. frightened
C. tired D. shocked
40. A. different B. clever
C. important D. quiet
41. A. student B. teacher
C. parent D. leader
42. A. knowledge B. power
C. honor D. abilities
43. A. slowed down B. went down
C. fell down D. broke down
44. A. go off B. go out
C. go ahead D. go wrong
45. A.get B. lose
C.do D. pay
46. A. parts B. cars
C. money D. tools
47. A. first B. last
C. second D. third
48. A. sports B. chores
C. homework D. repairs
49. A. unless B. because
C. although D. since
50. A. hers B. mine
C. theirs D. yours
Keys: BABDA CDDCB AADCB
2017年西湖区中考一模完形填空:
At the age of twenty. Susan was found with terrible cancer .Worse still, her family couldn’t 36 the medical cost. With an empty bank account and a heart full of 37 , Susan began six weeks of treatments. After the tiring treatment, Susan looked 38 , but she still kept up her spirits by her hope.
Before long, Susan become very ill, and slowly she found she couldn’t stand the terrible 39 . 40 she received lots of support from people around her ,the pain continued. Soon she had lost her hair. She would 41 . “I'll save money on hair care!” On the outside she seemed positive, but I knew she was greatly short of money.
One cold February day while Susan was in hospital, an old man visited her. He said 42 , “My name is Mark White, and my wife was in the bed next to you 43 your first visit to the hospital, but you weren’t here long”. The man continued , “My wife died about two days after you left, and I’m here to 44 some of her things.” Susan nodded, not sure how to reply.
The man went on. “The nurse told me you were back in the hospital. 45 heard you talking on the phone with your mom about your money problem. My wife and I wanted to help you,and we found no 46 way than to give you this money. We don't know you well, but we want to help. You were ___47___ a joy for my wife to talk to and a great encouragement to her. Please take this money and use it for your hospital bills. I know you’ll 48 ,kid.Just keep believing.”
As Susan opened the envelope, she thought, “How 49 that this couple gave me twenty or fifty dollars!” But inside were ten thousand dollars! Crying, she read the note, “Someone needs your encouragement today. Thanks for 50 me for the short days I knew you. Love,Marie White.”
36. A. cut B. afford
C. find D. increase
37. A.hope B. encouragement
C. sadness D. kindness
38. A.upset B. angry
C. weak D. stressed
39. A.illness B. treatment
Ccancer D. pain
40. A.Since B. Unless
C. Though D. When
41. A.shout B. cry
C. joke D. say
42. A.loudly B. softly
C. happily D. angrily
43. A.for B. on
C. by D. with
44. A.put away B. get off
C. look though D. pick up
45. A.My mother B. Her name
C. My wife D. Her father
46. A.easier B. worse
C. better D. friendlier
47. A.sometimes B. always
C. never D. hardly
48. A.get it B. believe it
C. take it D. make it
49. A.mean B. rich
C. nice D. poor
50. A.helping B. encouraging
C. changing D. teaching
Keys: BACDC CBBDC CBDCB
以上是为大家整理的一模英语准备 定语从句讲解与题目训练!同学们还有其他学习上的问题,可拨打学而思爱智康课程免费咨询热线电话:4000-121-121 . 有专业的老师为大家解答。